Comprehensive Treatments for a Range of Reading Needs
At Possibilities, we offer an integrated and scientifically supported approach to the assessments we provide. The same goes for our treatments, including treatments for learning differences like Dyslexia. Learning differences often exist with Attention Deficit Disorders, like ADD or ADHD. Learning difficulties can exist without attention challenges, too, but it’s common to find Learning Disabilities and ADHD occurring together. Among students with Learning Disabilities, or challenges with learning that do not have a formal diagnosis, difficulties reading can be quite common, especially difficulties sounding out words. Scientifically supported interventions can make a difference. Our intervention program, Rewire 4 Reading, aims to strengthen sounding out skills in readers, in addition to supporting fluency and comprehension.
Here are questions we are asked often about reading, and our Rewire 4 Reading program, along with our answers.
Rewire 4 Reading uses a scientifically supported program that exercises brain circuits for reading. Repeated practice with well structured exercises can improve skills. Strong reading skills are the foundation for life-long learning.
Yes! Sounding out letters alone and then in words are critical first steps in becoming a reader. Once the brain has “cracked the code”—and knows how letters and sounds work in words—a reader is off to the races! Decoding is the formal term for this amazing sounding-out skill. A brain that decodes well can read more and more, and even more after that! Strong decoding skill makes for a well-oiled brain that can read faster and more accurately.
Yes and no. Yes, every child who learns to read will struggle to sound out words in the beginning. Learning any new skill is hard! But when sounding out words is hard—and slow—year after year, that could be a sign of a learning difference that needs support. So no, after a certain point in learning, all kids do not have trouble sounding out words.
Dyslexia is a term used widely in many countries and by many educators and clinicians, especially in the United States. In Canada, psychologists who diagnose Learning Disabilities typically use the term Reading Disability—or a Learning Disability in Reading—rather than Dyslexia. Difficulty sounding out words is considered the core challenge in Dyslexia. So yes, if a student struggles significantly to sound out words beyond early elementary grades, then Dyslexia may be the reason. A comprehensive Psychoeducational Assessment would need to be done to determine with certainty if Dyslexia is present. But here’s the good news! With the right intervention, at the right time, lasting brain changes can happen that can improve sounding out skills significantly.
In early grades—especially in Grades 1 and 2—a big part of reading instruction is learning about letters and sounds. These are the basic building blocks of reading. So Cs early on in English could signal that it’s been difficult for your child to develop critical reading skills. In later grades, Cs in English could signal challenges in different aspects of reading, like comprehension or getting book reports done. Consider having your child’s reading checked by an expert if you’re not sure if there are problems.
By the end of Grade 2 reading should be solid to avoid big frustrations and challenges around books and other reading work. In Grades 1 and 2, students are learning to read. By Grade 3, students are reading to learn. This distinction is important. By Grade 3, reading is expected to be solid—and that means students are expected to learn many things independently by reading on their own. Students who struggle to read in Grade 3 are going to fall behind quickly.
You are going to hear different answers to this question, depending on who you ask. Some clinicians and educators suggest waiting to assess for learning challenges, at least until Grade 3. They argue that all students learn at a different pace, and that it’s best to see how learning settles before assuming something is not developing as expected. We do not share this perspective at Possibilities. Given our training in neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology, we will always approach diagnoses and treatments from a brain-based perspective. Brain science shows that the best time to change a brain to develop better reading skills is before Grade 3, not after. Research from psychologist Dr. Keith Stanovich also makes it clear that gaps in skills widen the longer you wait, making it harder to create change with tutoring later on. With that being said, students can still benefit from intervention after Grade 3, but more intensive intervention will likely be required to make gains. So if you haven’t sought out intervention before Grade 3, start now—wherever you are in the timeline—since early intervention will be more effective than treatments delivered after more time passes.
No. If your child is struggling to sound out words compared to classmates, start reading intervention now. You do not need a diagnosis of any kind to begin a program to strengthen reading. The sooner you start trying to boost reading skills with scientifically supported strategies, the better. Psychoeducational and ADHD Assessments remain very helpful for figuring out why your child is struggling at school, however, and for creating an Integrated Treatment Plan. Attention, working memory, and sound-letter awareness are all involved in reading so learning more about functioning in these areas with an assessment can be helpful. If you’re interested in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment at Possibilities, you may read more about our psychoeducational assessment, called a Signature Assessment,and our ADHD assessments, called Focus Forward 360 and ADHD Direct, on our website.
No. Children who are a bit slow in sounding out words can benefit, too. With reading, small gaps early on can grow into bigger gaps. So giving your child’s reading skills a boost with intervention can help prevent gaps from growing. If you’re not sure if your child needs support, enquire about Rewire 4 Reading at Possibilities. In the first appointment, we’ll do an assessment of current reading skills to see if your child fits into the program. If your child’s decoding skills are at grade-level, no sounding out intervention will be needed.
Rewire 4 Reading refers to the reading intervention program we offer at Possibilities that targets sounding out skills. Direct Instruction—a formal curriculum with solid scientific support for its effectiveness—forms the foundation of our approach. Information is presented to the brain consistently, in organized and structured lessons, with the right amount of repetition to help emerging skills “stick.” Students do not move forward in these lessons until the skills they have learned earlier are learned very well. This approach ensures a solid footing going forward, so strong skills can build even stronger ones. We also add supportive activities beyond Direct Instruction in the context of our lessons, when they are needed, to strengthen skills further based on our progress monitoring.
When highly structured reading lessons are presented in a very systematic way, brain circuits for sounding out words can change, making sounding out skills easier and more accurate. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize its structures and functions in response to input it receives. When the brain receives reading lessons that address gaps in decoding, neuroplasticity enables the brain to change—in lasting and meaningful ways—so reading improves. Changing brain circuits for reading is like rewiring the electrical circuits in a house. At least that’s one way to think about it! Hence the word “rewire” in our program name. The 4 in Rewire 4 Reading stands for 4 key processes built into our program that help make students stronger readers. ABCD is a helpful way to think about these 4 steps:
A = Analyze reading gaps first to identify skills that are lagging
B = Build lagging skills with structured programming to ignite brain changes
C = Consolidate (solidify) emerging skills with repetition and practice to strengthen sounding-out circuits
D = Develop skills further with challenge activities to improve reading speed and accuracy—like reading bigger words, more books, and a variety of written material
Strong readers typically activate a circuit in the left hemisphere of the brain when they sound out words. This left-sided circuit is impressive. It can read just about anything—even fake words like panderastoric—because it is super skilled at decoding! But struggling readers typically show activation in the right side of the brain, much more than the left. This alternate route is a problem, because the right-sided circuit isn’t designed for sounding out. Instead, it makes a whole lot of guesses. So panderastoric might be read as panda, though the right-sided circuit is trying its best. The evidence-based programs we use in Rewire 4 Reading can turn down the volume of the right-sided circuit and boost the activity of the left-sided one, priming the brain for reading. When this physical switch in brain functioning happens, the left-sided circuit is turned on for life, and reading improves.
Yes! Brain imaging studies before and after scientifically supported reading interventions provide strong evidence for rewiring. In these studies, brain activity is measured with imaging technology as children try sounding out made-up words. In struggling readers before a reading intervention, the brain’s right hemisphere is more active than the left—a pattern typical in Dyslexia. With this pattern of activation, sounding out skills are slow and inaccurate. After reading intervention—like the kind we offer in Rewire 4 Reading—the left hemisphere becomes more active and the right hemisphere becomes less active. The result? Sounding out words becomes easier and more accurate.
There can be many reasons why a student is not responding to academic treatment. When a Reading Disability is severe, it can be much harder to budge brain circuits to improve sounding out skills. However, more often the treatment is the reason for minimal change, not the learning problem itself. Most tutoring interventions for reading are not intense and structured enough to make meaningful and lasting change in brain circuits happen. The programs we use in Rewire 4 Reading have the highest intensity, with structured lessons delivered in principled ways that are supported by science, to increase the likelihood that the brain will rewire and increase its capacity to read.
No, we don’t. Currently, based on our review, the research evidence is not strong enough for us to offer these approaches. What is clear from research in the neuroscience of learning is this: the brain must do exactly what is hard for it to do in order to make specific gains. So, to improve reading, the brain must read. To improve writing, the brain must write. To improve spelling, the brain must spell. To improve math, the brain must calculate. General programs that exercise the brain don’t take this approach to improve academic skills, but the reading programs we offer in Rewire 4 Reading do.
Yes! The Direct Instruction programs that form the foundation of our approach are structured with lots of built-in review. They also require quick and lively responses quite often! Instructors trained in this approach are very skilled at engaging students in back-and-forth interactions that build practice into each lesson. For some children, though, significant challenges with focus can make even the most structured and fast-paced lessons difficult to manage. In ADHD, research shows that successful treatments are integrated—which means functioning improves the most when there are different treatments combined and working together. For some students, ADHD medication that brings neurotransmitters to optimal levels helps the brain become better focussed and more effective at learning letter-sound associations.
Yes! Generally when it comes to any interventions, the sooner you treat when you begin to see problems, the better. However, it’s not always easy to see difficulties early on. Some students work really hard to earn high grades, or they are bright enough to do well, until work becomes unmanageable. Then challenges become more obvious. Getting a comprehensive assessment that looks at attention, learning, and mental health can be helpful to pinpoint the reasons for learning difficulties at any age. Then a tailored Treatment Plan can be made. Even adults can benefit from solid programs that develop reading skills in systematic ways.
Our reading programs start at 6 years of age, so readers in Grade 1 can begin to receive scientifically supported interventions to improve foundational reading skills.
Yes! Your child may enroll in our Academic Services no matter where you received a Psychoeducational Assessment. We will require some background information to get us started, including a copy of the Psychoeducational Assessment report, to help us formulate a personalized Treatment Plan.
We offer principled intervention programs from the Direct Instruction curriculum to improve writing and spelling skills, too. A focused and structured approach, with lots of built-in practice, is critical for success when addressing gaps and building skills. So, we don’t introduce too many separate programs at once. Our Treatment Plan for your child will specify what programs we think should be started first, when new programs should be introduced, and how programs can be coordinated effectively if we are combining multiple interventions like reading and writing.
Yes! Our academic interventions can be offered over secure video sessions.
Research shows that intensive reading programs work best when they are delivered frequently and consistently. When there are long-standing learning difficulties, despite extra help at school, the brain needs more input to see patterns that can help it perform better academically. Our reading intervention program requires at least two sessions every week, since frequent exposure to letters, words, and blends is necessary to help change brain circuits for decoding.
Yes. There are two options available when it comes to Rewire 4 Reading. You may have a Psychologist monitor progress with the Academic Services Team. Monitoring with this option includes additional testing and the Psychologist meeting with you and the team at specified intervals. There is also an option that does not involve a Psychologist in progress monitoring. These two options are offered at different costs.
A 50-minute academic intervention session costs $120. If you choose to have progress monitored by a Psychologist, the cost per session is $150. A 50-minute Placement Test is done at the beginning of the service to determine which program and level offer the best fit based on reading strengths and needs. The cost of this Placement Test is $240 without Psychology review, and $290 if a Psychologist is involved in reviewing the findings and developing the Intervention Plan. Please check with your insurance provider to see if these costs for the Placement Test and the academic intervention sessions might be covered.
Yes! Our central office is in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. However, we offer our academic interventions to clients across Canada and the United States through secure video sessions.
Provincial health plans like OHIP generally do not cover educational treatments. Academic interventions may be covered by private insurance plans. Please check with your provider. Rewire 4 Reading is available across the United States and Canada.
We can help! At Possibilities we offer a complimentary 20-minute session with a member of our Next Steps Navigation Team. Members of this team are professionals from education and healthcare. During this session a member of the Navigation Team will listen to your questions, discuss your concerns, and help you clarify your next steps. If you would like to book an appointment with the Navigation Team, please begin by completing our Intake Form. If you have already completed an Intake Form, please contact us at info@possibilitiesclinic.com or 1-833-482-5558 to request an appointment.
For more information about Rewire 4 Reading, please contact us at info@possibilitiesclinic.com or call 1-833-482-5558.
You can also get started right away by completing our Intake Form. Once this form is received, our Care Team will help you book your appointment with our Academic Services Team.
